![]() Hearing - Wikipedia. Schematic diagram of the human ear. Hearing, or auditory perception, is the ability to perceive sound by detecting vibrations. Like touch, audition requires sensitivity to the movement of molecules in the world outside the organism. Both hearing and touch are types of mechanosensation. The pinna serves to focus sound waves through the ear canal toward the eardrum. Because of the asymmetrical character of the outer ear of most mammals, sound is filtered differently on its way into the ear depending on what vertical location it is coming from. ![]() This gives these animals the ability to localize sound vertically. The eardrum is an airtight membrane, and when sound waves arrive there, they cause it to vibrate following the waveform of the sound. Middle ear. Within this chamber are the three smallest bones in the body, known collectively as the ossicles which include the malleus, incus and stapes (sometimes referred to colloquially as the hammer, anvil and stirrup respectively). They aid in the transmission of the vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The purpose of the middle ear ossicles is to overcome the impedance mismatch between air and water, by providing impedance matching. Also located in the middle ear are the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles which protect the hearing mechanism through a stiffening reflex. The stapes transmits sound waves to the inner ear through the oval window, a flexible membrane separating the air- filled middle ear from the fluid- filled inner ear. The round window, another flexible membrane, allows for the smooth displacement of the inner ear fluid caused by the entering sound waves. Inner ear. It is divided lengthwise by the organ of Corti, which is the main organ of mechanical to neural transduction. ![]() Welcome back to Prep Cook, where we test out a week’s worth of recipes so you only eat the most delicious ones! Just in time for your weekend grocery run, we have. ![]() Inside the organ of Corti is the basilar membrane, a structure that vibrates when waves from the middle ear propagate through the cochlear fluid – endolymph. The basilar membrane is tonotopic, so that each frequency has a characteristic place of resonance along it. Characteristic frequencies are high at the basal entrance to the cochlea, and low at the apex. Basilar membrane motion causes depolarization of the hair cells, specialized auditory receptors located within the organ of Corti. In this way, the patterns of oscillations on the basilar membrane are converted to spatiotemporal patterns of firings which transmit information about the sound to the brainstem. An art film is typically a serious, independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience. An art film is "intended to be a serious artistic. From there, the signals are projected to the inferior colliculus in the midbraintectum. The inferior colliculus integrates auditory input with limited input from other parts of the brain and is involved in subconscious reflexes such as the auditory startle response. The inferior colliculus in turn projects to the medial geniculate nucleus, a part of the thalamus where sound information is relayed to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe. ![]()
Sound is believed to first become consciously experienced at the primary auditory cortex. Around the primary auditory cortex lies Wernickes area, a cortical area involved in interpreting sounds that is necessary to understand spoken words. Disturbances (such as stroke or trauma) at any of these levels can cause hearing problems, especially if the disturbance is bilateral. In some instances it can also lead to auditory hallucinations or more complex difficulties in perceiving sound. Hearing tests. Electrophysiological tests of hearing can provide accurate measurements of hearing thresholds even in unconscious subjects. Such tests include auditory brainstem evoked potentials (ABR), otoacoustic emissions (OAE) and electrocochleography (ECoch. G). Technical advances in these tests have allowed hearing screening for infants to become widespread. Defense mechanism. For example, the muscles of the middle ear (e. The most quiet sounds that people with mild hearing loss can hear with their better ear are between 2. B HL. Moderate hearing loss - People with moderate hearing loss have difficulty keeping up with conversations when they are not using a hearing aid. On average, the most quiet sounds heard by people with moderate hearing loss with their better ear are between 4. B HL. Severe hearing loss - People with severe hearing loss depend on powerful hearing aid. However, they often rely on lip- reading even when they are using hearing aids. The most quiet sounds heard by people with severe hearing loss with their better ear are between 7. B HL. Profound hearing loss - People with profound hearing loss are very hard of hearing and they mostly rely on lip- reading and sign language. The most quiet sounds heard by people with profound hearing loss with their better ear are from 9. B HL or more. Heredity. Congenital conditions. Presbycusis. Acquired. Noise- induced hearing loss. Ototoxic drugs and chemicals. Infection. Prevention. The various means used to prevent hearing loss generally focus on reducing the levels of noise to which people are exposed. One way this is done is through environmental modifications such as acoustic quieting, which may be achieved with as basic a measure as lining a room with curtains, or as complex a measure as employing an anechoic chamber, which absorbs nearly all sound. Another means is the use of devices such as earplugs, which are inserted into the ear canal to block noise, or earmuffs, objects designed to cover a person's ears entirely. Management. This technological development has led to the benefit of improving the sense of hearing of a person, but the usage of these devices is significantly low. Psychologically, the first time that a person realizes that he/she needs help from a professional such as an audiologist is when they feel that their hearing is severely poor. Initially, people don't like to believe that they are becoming deaf; hence it negatively affects their approach towards the use of hearing aids. Familiarity with the devices and consultation with professionals do help people feel good about using the hearing aids. Underwater hearing is by bone conduction, and localization of sound appears to depend on differences in amplitude detected by bone conduction. Each species has a range of normal hearing for both amplitude and frequency. Many animals use sound to communicate with each other, and hearing in these species is particularly important for survival and reproduction. In species that use sound as a primary means of communication, hearing is typically most acute for the range of pitches produced in calls and speech. Frequency range. The range is typically considered to be between 2. Hz and 2. 0,0. 00 Hz. Some bats use ultrasound for echolocation while in flight. Dogs are able to hear ultrasound, which is the principle of 'silent' dog whistles. Snakes sense infrasound through their jaws, and baleen whales, giraffes, dolphins and elephants use it for communication. Some fish have the ability to hear more sensitively due to a well- developed, bony connection between the ear and their swim bladder. Some insects have hearing organs as well (e. Due to the resonance phenomenon certain hairs swing stronger when exposed to a specific sonar- frequency. This specificity depends on the stiffness and the length of the hairs. That is why certain caterpillar species have evolved hair that would resonate with the sound of buzzing wasps, thus warning them of the presence of natural enemies. Moreover, mosquitoes have hair on their antennae that resonate with the flying sound of homogeneous females, enabling the males the ability to detect potential sexual partners. Some insects possess a tympanal organ. Similar to the hearing process with vertebrates, the eardrums react to sonar waves. Receptors that are placed on the inside translate the oscillation into electric signals and send them to the brain. Several groups of flying insects that are preyed upon by echolocatingbats can perceive the ultrasound emissions this way and reflexively practice ultrasound avoidance. Mathematics. Thus the ear performs a sort of frequency analysis, roughly similar to a Fourier transform. Auditory Neuroscience. In Charles Linsmeiser. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 4. Handbook of Psychology: Experimental psychology. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 4. Trends in Amplification. Otology & Neurotology. The psychology of music. Gulf Professional Publishing. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 1. Retrieved 2. 4 May 2. The evolution of communication. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 2. Retrieved 2. 4 May 2. Art film - Wikipedia. An art film is typically a serious, independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass marketaudience. Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States, the UK and Australia than in Europe, where the term is more associated with . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences, they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets, expensive special effects, costly celebrity actors, or huge advertising campaigns, as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films. Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film, which typically uses lesser- known film actors (or even amateur actors) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film- making conventions. A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films. One mid- 1. 99. 0s art film was called . For promotion, art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics' reviews, discussion of their film by arts columnists, commentators and bloggers, and . Since art films have small initial investment costs, they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable. Terminology. There is overlap between the categories of . Griffith's Intolerance (1. Sergei Eisenstein, both of which would influence the development of European cinema movements for decades. The international critical renown that Eisenstein garnered from this film enabled the Russian filmmaker to direct October (aka Ten Days That Shook The World) as part of a grand tenth- anniversary celebration of the October Revolution of 1. The General Line (aka Old and New). The critics of the outside world praised these films. However, in Russia, Eisenstein's focus on structural issues such as camera angles, crowd movements, and montage brought him and like- minded others, such as Vsevolod Pudovkin and Alexander Dovzhenko, under fire from the Soviet film community. Art films were also influenced by films by Spanish avant- garde creators, such as Luis Bu. In the 1. 92. 0s, film societies began advocating the notion that films could be divided into an . In England, Alfred Hitchcock and Ivor Montagu formed a Film Society and imported films that they thought were . The cinema pur film movement included Dada artists, such as Man Ray (Emak- Bakia, Return to Reason), Ren. The Dadaists used film to transcend narrative (storytelling) conventions, bourgeois traditions, and conventional Aristotelian notions of time and space by creating a flexible montage of time and space. Pure Cinema was influenced by such German . Richter claimed that his 1. Rhythmus 2. 1, was the first abstract film ever created. This claim is not true: he was preceded by the Italian Futurists. Bruno Corra and Arnaldo Ginna between 1. Nevertheless, Richter's film Rhythmus 2. William Siska argues that Italian neorealist films from the mid- to late- 1. Open City (1. 94. Paisa (1. 94. 6), and Bicycle Thieves can be deemed as another . After the Second World War, . British, foreign- language, and independent American films, as well as documentaries and revivals of Hollywood classics. Films such as Rossellini's Open City and Mackendrick's Tight Little Island (Whisky Galore!), Bicycle Thieves and The Red Shoes were shown to substantial U. S. Although never a formally organized movement, the New Wave filmmakers were linked by their self- conscious rejection of classical cinematic form and their spirit of youthful iconoclasm and is an example of European art cinema. Some of the most prominent pioneers among the group, including Fran. Auteur theory holds that the director is the . During the 1. 96. In the U. S., the term is often defined very broadly, to include foreign- language (non- English) . By the 1. 97. 0s, the term was used to describe sexually explicit European films with artistic structure such as the Swedish film I Am Curious (Yellow). In the U. S., the term . With this approach, a broad range of films, such as a 1. Hitchcock film, a 1. European auteur film, a U. S. Companies such as Miramax Films distributed independent films which were deemed commercially unviable at the major studios. When major motion picture studios noted the niche appeal of independent films, they created special divisions dedicated to non- mainstream fare, such as the Fox Searchlight Pictures division of Twentieth Century Fox, the Focus Features division of Universal, the Sony Pictures Classics division of Sony Pictures Entertainment, and the Paramount Vantage division of Paramount. Film critics have debated whether the films from these special divisions can truly be considered to be . Paglia states that young people from the 2. After that, the influence waned. Hollywood absorbed the lessons of the European films and incorporated those lessons into their films. There’s a new audience that has learned about art films at the video store. Mainstream Hollywood- style films use a clear narrative form to organize the film into a series of . The plot for mainstream films is driven by a well- defined protagonist, fleshed out with clear characters, and strengthened with . The film is then tied together with fast pacing, musical soundtracks to cue the appropriate audience emotions, and tight, seamless editing. In art films, the dilemmas are probed and investigated in a pensive fashion, but usually without a clear resolution at the end of the film. In some art films, the director uses a depiction of absurd or seemingly meaningless actions to express a philosophical viewpoint such as existentialism. If an art film has a story, it is usually a drifting sequence of vaguely defined or ambiguous episodes. There may be unexplained gaps in the film, deliberately unclear sequences, or extraneous sequences that are not related to previous scenes, which force the viewer to subjectively make their own interpretation of the film's message. Why tell the story in this way? He claims that a film is considered to be an art film based on artistic status, in the same way that film genres can be based on aspects of films such as their budgets (blockbuster films or B- movies) or their star performers (Adam Sandler films). The films in this list demonstrate one or more of the characteristics of art films: a serious, noncommercial, or independently made film that is not aimed at a mass audience. Some of the films on this list are also considered to be . In some cases, critics disagree over whether a film is mainstream or not. For example, while some critics called Gus Van Sant's My Own Private Idaho (1. The films in this list are notable either because they won major awards or critical praise from influential film critics or because they introduced an innovative narrative or filmmaking technique. However, there were films that had more sophisticated aesthetic objectives, such as Carl Theodor Dreyer's The Passion of Joan of Arc (1. Vampyr (1. 93. 2), surrealist films such as Luis Bu. Murnau uses distorted art design and groundbreaking cinematography to create an exaggerated, fairy- tale- like world that was rich with symbolism and imagery. Jean Renoir's film The Rules of the Game (1. In the late 1. 94. UK director Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger made The Red Shoes (1. In 1. 94. 5, David Lean would direct Brief Encounter, an adaptation of No. In Poland, the Khrushchev Thaw permitted some relaxation of the regime's cultural policies, and productions such as A Generation, Kanal, Ashes and Diamonds, Lotna (1. Andrzej Wajda, showed the Polish Film School style. In India, there was an art film movement in Bengali cinema known as . It was an alternative to the mainstream commercial cinema known for its serious content, realism and naturalism, with a keen eye on the social- political climate of the times. This movement is distinct from mainstream Bollywood cinema and began around the same time as the French New Wave and Japanese New Wave. The most influential filmmakers involved in this movement were Satyajit Ray and Ritwik Ghatak. One of the most internationally acclaimed films made in the period were The Apu Trilogy (1. Satyajit Ray's Distant Thunder (1. Bengal. Akira Kurosawa's Rashomon (1. Japanese film to be widely screened in the West, depicts four witnesses' contradictory accounts of a rape and murder. In 1. 95. 2, Kurosawa directed Ikiru, a film about a Tokyo bureaucrat struggling to find a meaning for his life. Tokyo Story (1. 95. Yasujir. Seven Samurai (1. Kurosawa, tells the story of a farming village that hires seven masterless samurai to combat bandits. Fires on the Plain (1. Kon Ichikawa explores the Japanese experience in World War II by depicting a sick Japanese soldier struggling to stay alive. Ugetsu (1. 95. 3) by Kenji Mizoguchi is a ghost story set in the late 1. A year later, Mizoguchi directed Sansho the Bailiff (1. The 1. 96. 0s was an important period in art film; the release of a number of groundbreaking films giving rise to the European art cinema. Godard, a leading figure of the French New Wave, would continue to make innovative films throughout the decade, proposing a whole new style of filmmaking. Italian director Michelangelo Antonioni helped revolutionize filmmaking, with such films as La Notte (1. Eclipse (1. 96. 2), about a young woman who is unable to form a solid relationship with her boyfriend because of his materialistic nature; Red Desert (1. Blowup (1. 96. 6), his first English- language film, which examines issues of perception and reality as it follows a young photographer's attempt to discover whether he had photographed a murder. Swedish director. Ingmar Bergman started off the 1. Winter Light (1. 96. The Silence (1. 96. His films from the later half of the decade, such as Persona (1. Shame (1. 96. 8), and A Passion (1.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
May 2017
Categories |